How Does Temperature Affect SmCo Magnets?
Introduction
Samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnets are a type of rare earth magnet known for their exceptional magnetic strength, high resistance to demagnetization, and stability across a wide range of temperatures. Unlike neodymium magnets, which tend to lose strength at higher temperatures, samarium cobalt magnets retain their magnetic properties remarkably well, making them ideal for high-temperature applications. However, temperature still affects samarium cobalt magnets in specific ways.
Here’s a closer look at how temperature influences these magnets, their performance limits, and their practical applications.
1. The Basics of Samarium Cobalt Magnets
Samarium cobalt magnets, made primarily from samarium (Sm) and cobalt (Co), are known for their superior thermal stability and resistance to corrosion. These magnets are commonly used in applications requiring high magnetic strength in extreme temperature environments, such as aerospace, automotive, and industrial machinery.
Samarium cobalt magnets come in two primary grades:
– SmCo5: Made of five parts samarium to one part cobalt, known for slightly lower maximum temperature resistance but better machinability.
– Sm2Co17: Made of two parts samarium and seventeen parts cobalt (plus additional metals for better thermal performance), with higher temperature resistance, making it suitable for more extreme environments.
Stanford Magnets is a leading supplier of high-performance Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) magnets. We offer both SmCo₅ (1:5 series) and Sm₂Co₁₇ (2:17 series) magnets. Ideal for applications requiring consistent performance at high temperatures, these rare-earth magnets are widely used in aerospace, automotive, medical, and industrial settings. Send us an inquiry, if you are interested.
2. Temperature Effects on Magnetic Strength
Temperature changes influence all magnets to some degree, including samarium cobalt magnets. However, SmCo magnets exhibit excellent resistance to temperature-induced changes compared to other types, such as neodymium. Here’s how temperature affects the strength of samarium cobalt magnets:
Further Reading: The Superior Temperature Stability of SmCo Magnets
–High-Temperature Performance
One of the key strengths of samarium cobalt magnets is their ability to operate at high temperatures without significant loss of magnetic strength. The maximum operating temperature for samarium cobalt magnets typically ranges from:
– 250°C (482°F) for SmCo5 magnets.
– 300–350°C (572–662°F) for Sm2Co17 magnets, depending on the specific grade and manufacturing quality.
Above these temperatures, samarium cobalt magnets may begin to experience a gradual reduction in magnetic strength. However, even when subjected to temperatures close to their upper limits, these magnets retain most of their magnetism, demonstrating superior thermal stability.
–Curie Temperature
The Curie temperature is the point at which a magnet permanently loses its magnetic properties. For samarium cobalt magnets, the Curie temperature is exceptionally high, typically around:
– 700–750°C (1292–1382°F) for SmCo5 magnets.
– 800–850°C (1472–1562°F) for Sm2Co17 magnets.
At or above the Curie temperature, the magnet loses its permanent magnetism and cannot regain it, even if the temperature returns to normal. However, samarium cobalt magnets are rarely exposed to temperatures this extreme in real-world applications, ensuring their durability in high-temperature settings.
3. Low-Temperature Performance
Samarium cobalt magnets also excel in low-temperature conditions. Unlike some other types of magnets that may become brittle or lose strength in cold environments, samarium cobalt magnets maintain their magnetic properties and stability even at temperatures as low as -270°C (-454°F). This property makes them suitable for cryogenic applications, where materials need to withstand extremely cold conditions without degradation.
In low temperatures, the magnetic strength of samarium cobalt magnets can even increase slightly. This increase occurs because magnetic domains become more stable in colder temperatures, reducing the internal energy that could disturb the alignment of magnetic moments. As a result, samarium cobalt magnets become slightly stronger as the temperature drops.
4. Temperature Coefficient of Samarium Cobalt Magnets
The temperature coefficient of a magnet measures how much its magnetic strength changes with temperature. Samarium cobalt magnets have a very low temperature coefficient, typically around -0.03% per degree Celsius. This means that for each 1°C increase in temperature, a samarium cobalt magnet’s strength decreases by just 0.03%.
In comparison:
– Neodymium magnets have a higher temperature coefficient of around -0.11% per degree Celsius, making them more susceptible to temperature changes.
– Alnico magnets have a coefficient of -0.02% to -0.03% per degree Celsius, similar to samarium cobalt but lacking in other areas like strength and resistance to demagnetization.
5. Applications in High-Temperature Environments
Samarium cobalt magnets are ideal for applications where high or fluctuating temperatures would cause other magnets to fail. Their stability and resistance to demagnetization make them valuable across several industries:
- Aerospace and Defense: Used in jet engines, missile guidance, and other high-performance systems, samarium cobalt magnets withstand extreme heat and maintain reliable performance.
- Automotive Industry: Essential in electric and hybrid vehicle motors, these magnets retain strength in high temperatures, ensuring efficient motor function and longer component life.
- Industrial Equipment: Common in magnetic couplings, bearings, and precision tools, samarium cobalt magnets endure thermal stress and resist corrosion, reducing maintenance needs.
- Medical and Scientific Research: Ideal for MRI machines and laboratory equipment, these magnets provide stable magnetic fields even with temperature fluctuations, including at cryogenic levels.
6. Comparing SmCo to Other Magnets in Temperature Applications
When it comes to high-temperature performance, samarium cobalt magnets are often compared to other magnets, such as neodymium and alnico:
- Neodymium Magnets: While strong, neodymium magnets lose magnetic strength rapidly as temperatures rise above 80°C (176°F). High-temperature grades of neodymium magnets can operate up to 200°C (392°F) but remain more susceptible to temperature-induced demagnetization compared to samarium cobalt.
- Alnico Magnets: Alnico magnets perform well in high temperatures and have a low temperature coefficient but are less powerful than samarium cobalt magnets. They are more brittle and more easily demagnetized by external magnetic fields, making samarium cobalt a better choice for applications requiring high strength and stability.
- Ferrite Magnets: Ferrite magnets can tolerate high temperatures up to 250°C (482°F) but have much lower magnetic strength than samarium cobalt, limiting their use in high-performance applications.
Conclusion
Samarium Cobalt Magnets excel in high-temperature applications. These magnets stand out for their ability to maintain magnetic strength across a wide range of temperatures, from cryogenic lows to several hundred degrees Celsius. Whether in aerospace, automotive, industrial machinery, or scientific research, samarium cobalt magnets provide reliable performance and durability in challenging environments.